HOWARD UNIVERSITY CAMPUS

The Howard University could be a federally chartered  and personal university that was supported on March 2, 1867, situated at Washington, D.C, U.S. once the top of war, the primary congregational society of the Washington’s member decide forming a system seminary for the education of African yank clergymen. There exists a provision for establishing a university with during a few weeks. The university consisted of school|the school|the faculty} referred to as college of humanistic discipline and medication with in 2 year. it absolutely was given a reputation jazz musician Otis Howard for the name of the new establishment.  Later kind 1869-74 Howard served as president of the university. The Howard University has plays an important role for each yank history and also the civil rights Movement.

Howard is one amongst the federally chartered , private, co-ed, non-sectarian and traditionally black university with complete analysis primarily based activities. the {colleges} and also the college of the university give, college man, graduate, skilled and joint degree programs for all its students. The university enter for approx eleven,000 students for college man, graduate, skilled and joint degree programs than cowl the on top of one hundred twenty areas to review in thirteen totally different faculties and faculties. The university provides education through the varied background. Following square measure a number of the courses supply by the school and faculty for the college man, graduate, student degree.

Undergraduates programs

• Accounting (B.B.A.)

• Administration of Justice (B.A.)

• African Studies (B.A.)

• coiffure yank Studies (B.A.)

• design (B.Arch.)

• Art - Ceramics (B.F.A.)

• Art - style (B.F.A.)

• Art - Electronic Studio (B.F.A.)Art - Fashion style (B.F.A.)Art History (B.A.)

• et al.

Graduates programs

• African Studies & analysis (M.A.)

• atmospherical Sciences (M.S.)

• Biology (M.S.)

• Business (M.B.A.)

• Chemical Engineering (M.S.)

• Chemistry (M.S.)

• engineering science (M.Eng.)

• Comm. Sciences & Disorders (M.S.)

• Dental Hygiene (Certificate)

• Doctor of Ministry (D.Min.)

• economic science (M.A.)

• Education (M.Ed.)

• Electrical & laptop Engineering (M.Eng.)

• English (M.A.)

• govt Master in Business Administration (Ex.M.B.A.)

• biology & Human biology (M.S.)

• Film (M.F.A.)

• History (M.A.)

• Law (L.L.M.)

Doctoral programs

• African Studies & analysis (Ph.D.)

• Anatomy (Ph.D.)

• atmospherical Sciences (Ph.D.)

• organic chemistry & biological science (Ph.D.)

• Biology (Ph.D.)

• Chemical Engineering (Ph.D.)

• Chemistry (Ph.D.)

• Comm., Culture & Media Studies (Ph.D.)

• Comm. Sciences & Disorders (Ph.D.)

• counselling psychological science (Ph.D.)

• economic science (Ph.D.)

• Education (Ed.D.)

• instructional psychological science (Ph.D.)

• Electrical & laptop Engineering (Ph.D.)

• et al.

Scholarships play an important role for all the scholars of various schools. All the forms of scholarships facilitate the scholar to attend the courses within the university.All the grants, scholarships and fellowship funds square measure kind within and outsides of the university. They several not solely take into account money would like however have totally different needs. With the help the university’s commit and college’s corporation award the university scholarship similarly as fellowships funds. to urge the scholarship, the scholars will either contact the school, faculties or the workplace of the help. For the complete time enrollment they're awarded simply the non-public scholarships. the scholar will simply contact to the workplace of the help through writing if they're obtaining but full time enrollment award. equally grants are vital for the university.  the university handle the federal supplement education chance grants (SEOG) for the college man students with the outstanding money wants. The pell Grant recipients is given additional precedence. the scholars will get $100 to $4000 with in per year. it's unfeasible that every one the scholars can receives AN SEOG thanks to the bounds funds because the award base on the funds of the university.

With all such services the university additionally focuses on on-line degree programs which will facilitate the complete student to urge the degree at any time in any wherever. at the present the Howard university proclaimed Howard university on-line that become the a part of a comprehensive imitative which can increase the flagship analysis university’s on-line courses and programs by turning into partner with Pearson. Pearson because the main on-line suppliers for the upper education within the world has currently been joined because the strategic partner of the University for this Effort. within the year 2014-15 Howard can give selects on-line degree programs for creating a goal of constructing up to twenty five on-line programs for over following few years. Howard university on-line makes the spectacular university for providing in demand degree and certificate which will cowl the school of Howard on the far side the field to students across the word.

NEW PAINLESS NON-PATCH CAN DETECT DISEASE IN BLOOD

Researchers in Australia have developed a patch lined with microscopic needles that can quickly and painlessly detect disease-carrying proteins in the blood, potentially replacing the need for needle-based blood samples, and time spent waiting for lab analysis.

Based on a similar patch that could one day deliver injection-free vaccines through the skin, the diagnostic nanopatch has been designed to identify diseases such as malaria and dengue fever, which are prevalent in remote areas and developing regions where people might not have the resources to routinely draw blood and analyse it.

"The concept here is that we could just put a patch on the skin and this could give a result based on what it can find in your blood," one of the researchers, Simon Corrie from the University of Queensland, told Fairfax Media. "The microneedle arrays can capture proteins that circulate around the body that are normally tested for in blood samples."

Once the patches have done their job, they’re removed from the skin and exposed to specially formulated detection reagents.

The patches are like small chips made from gold-coted silicon wafers, lined with countless microneedles that are so small, you won’t even feel them piercing the skin. They can reportedly detect the presence of disease carrying proteins within an hour, which means if the team can get them on the market, you won’t have to see your GP to get your blood taken and then come back a few days later to get the results - you could just go for a lunch break.

They’ve so far only been tested on mice, but Corrie told The Sydney Morning Heraldthat they’ve been granted funding from the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council for the development of commercial prototypes for humans, that will likely be made from a type of polymer or plastic, instead of gold-coated silicon, to keep manufacturing costs down.

The next step - other than figuring out how to get them to work safely and effectively on humans - is to develop what the researchers are calling a "micro-fluidic detection card". The team expects to have this and a clinical trial with human volunteers ready in the next couple of years.

"We will be able to slot the diagnostic patch into the card that does the washing and detection steps so you don't need a lab at all to do that work," Corrie said. "As malaria is treatable, detection of the disease can avoid overtreatment in people that don't have it. Overtreatment leads to resistance and one of the biggest issues with malaria is its resistance to existing treatments."

The team will want to get a wriggle on - nanopatches have become a big thing over the past year or so, with researchers in the US working on a new insulin patch for diabetics that could potentially replace daily injections, and vaccine patches that are set to begin clinical trails in 2017. Earlier this year, it was announced that a tiny patch-like device could help treat or prevent peanut allergies by painlessly exposing a patient to a small amount of peanut extract.

Whichever invention makes it to market - hopefully all of them do, because that would be awesome - it could make a huge difference to people living in parts of the world where they don't have the facilities for safe and effective blood sample analysis and vaccination. And yes, injection-free blood tests and vaccines for the rest of us would be pretty great too.

FORGET BLUETOOTH, NEW WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY USES YOUR BODY TO TRANSMIT DATA

"A new technique could pave the way for ultra low power and high-security wireless communication systems"

Electrical engineers at the University of California, San Diego demonstrated a new wireless communication technique that works by sending magnetic signals through the human body. The new technology could offer a lower power and more secure way to communicate information between wearable electronic devices, providing an improved alternative to existing wireless communication systems, researchers said. They presented their findings Aug. 26 at the 37th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society in Milan, Italy.
While this work is still a proof-of-concept demonstration, researchers envision developing it into an ultra low power wireless system that can easily transmit information around the human body. An application of this technology would be a wireless sensor network for full-body health monitoring.

The researchers call their new method “magnetic field human body communication”.

“In the future, people are going to be wearing more electronics, such as smart watches, fitness trackers and health monitors. All of these devices will need to communicate information with each other. Currently, these devices transmit information using Bluetooth radios, which use a lot of power to communicate. We’re trying to find new ways to communicate information around the human body that use much less power,” said Patrick Mercier, a professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at UC San Diego who led the study. Mercier also serves as the co-director of the UC San Diego Center for Wearable Sensors.


Communicating magnetic signals through the human body

The new study presents a solution to some of the main barriers of other wireless communication systems: in order to reduce power consumption when transmitting and receiving information, wireless systems need to send signals that can easily travel from one side of the human body to another. Bluetooth technology uses electromagnetic radiation to transmit data, however these radio signals do not easily pass through the human body and therefore require a power boost to help overcome this signal obstruction, or “path loss.”
In this study, electrical engineers demonstrated a technique called magnetic field human body communication, which uses the body as a vehicle to deliver magnetic energy between electronic devices. An advantage of this system is that magnetic fields are able to pass freely through biological tissues, so signals are communicated with much lower path losses and potentially, much lower power consumption. In their experiments, researchers demonstrated that the magnetic communication link works well on the body, but they did not test the technique’s power consumption. Researchers showed that the path losses associated with magnetic field human body communication are upwards of 10 million times lower than those associated with Bluetooth radios.
“This technique, to our knowledge, achieves the lowest path losses out of any wireless human body communication system that’s been demonstrated so far. This technique will allow us to build much lower power wearable devices,” said Mercier.
Lower power consumption also leads to longer battery life. “A problem with wearable devices like smart watches is that they have short operating times because they are limited to using small batteries. With this magnetic field human body communication system, we hope to significantly reduce power consumption as well as how frequently users need to recharge their devices,” said Jiwoong Park, a Ph.D student in Mercier’s Energy-Efficient Microsystems Lab at the UC San Diego Jacobs School of Engineering and first author of the study.
The researchers also pointed out that this technique does not pose any serious health risks. Since this technique is intended for applications in ultra low power communication systems, the transmitting power of the magnetic signals sent through the body is expected to be many times lower than that of MRI scanners and wireless implant devices.
Another potential advantage of magnetic field human body communication is that it could offer more security than Bluetooth networks. Because Bluetooth radio communicates data over the air, anyone standing within 30 feet can potentially eavesdrop on that communication link. On the other hand, magnetic field human body communication employs the human body as a communication medium, making the communication link less vulnerable to eavesdropping. With this technique, researchers demonstrated that magnetic communication is strong on the body but dramatically decreases off the body. To put this in the context of a personal full-body wireless communication network, information would neither be radiated off the body nor be transmitted from one person to another.
“Increased privacy is desirable when you’re using your wearable devices to transmit information about your health,” said Park.


Demonstrating magnetic communication with a proof-of-concept prototype 

Magnetic-field-generating coils are wrapped around the arm.

The researchers built a prototype to demonstrate the magnetic field human body communication technique. The prototype consists of copper wires insulated with PVC tubes. On one end, the copper wires are hooked up to an external analyzer and on the other end, the wires are wrapped in coils around three areas of the body: the head, arms and legs. These coils serve as sources for magnetic fields and are able to send magnetic signals from one part of the body to another using the body as a guide. With this prototype, researchers were able to demonstrate and measure low path loss communication from arm to arm, from arm to head, and from arm to leg.
Researchers noted that a limitation of this technique is that magnetic fields require circular geometries in order to propagate through the human body. Devices like smart watches, headbands and belts will all work well using magnetic field human body communication, but not a small patch that is stuck on the chest and used to measure heart rate, for example. As long as the wearable application can wrap around a part of the body, it should work just fine with this technique, researchers explained.

THE ROLE OF UNIVERSITY IN A CHANGING WORLD

Advanced education creates more extensive monetary development and also singular achievement. Case in point, a late study discovered that colleges contributed about 60 billion pounds to the economy of the United Kingdom in 2007-08. Furthermore, obviously, this effect is national as well as worldwide. An age of thoughts and advancement goes with multiplying trades of staff and understudies. UNESCO reports a 57% expansion in the quantities of those considering outside their nations of origin in only the previous decade. At Harvard, we have seen a fourfold increment in study abroad amid the undergrad years. Furthermore, now more global understudies come to us also—20% of our aggregate college wide understudy populace. In an advanced age, thoughts and yearnings regard couple of limits. The new learning economy is fundamentally worldwide, and the range of colleges must be so too.

Consider a couple of late samples of this current of development, trade and joint effort:

• The European Union's as of late extended study abroad program, Erasmus, sends a huge number of understudies and workforce to 4,000 establishments in 33 nations every year.

• The Persian Gulf States have selected global branch grounds with interests in the a huge number of dollars — Education City in Doha includes six American colleges on 14 square kilometers of area; New York University's new Abu Dhabi grounds opens this fall, conceding only 2% of the candidate pool and enlisting understudies from 39 nations. We can tally no less than 162 branch grounds of Western colleges in Asia and the Middle East—a 43% expansion in only three years.

• Singapore has 90,000 worldwide understudies and also a grounds of INSEAD, the worldwide business college, and projects with no less than four American colleges.

• China has designed a blast in advanced education, the most emotional in mankind's history. Somewhere around 1999 and 2005, the quantity of degree workers quadrupled—to more than 3 million. China is normal before the end of this datebook year to turn into the world's biggest maker of Ph.D. researchers and designers.

• In India, the numbers going to colleges multiplied in the 1990s, and interest keeps on surging. India's Human Resource Development Minister has expressed that India needs 800 new foundations of advanced education by 2020 so as to raise the age cooperation rate—the rate of school age populace enlisted in organizations of advanced education—from 12.4% to 30%.

• Here in Ireland that age interest rate expanded from 11% in 1965 to 57% in 2003. Your worldwide effort has extended altogether also. Your online entryway for open-access research, RIAN, went live this month, welcoming more noteworthy global coordinated effort; Trinity and University College Dublin's new Innovation Alliance, and this present Academy's joint advancement endeavor, influence national and worldwide associations, expanding on a settled limit for mechanical development and business enterprise at Irish colleges.

We have seen these borderless organizations prosper in ways that genuinely matter—enhancing lives in emotional ways.

I had the benefit of seeing one striking illustration of such an activity firsthand when I set out to Botswana the previous fall. A joint effort in the middle of Harvard and the administration of

Botswana has over 10 years and a half gained noteworthy ground in AIDS counteractive action and treatment. One of its most noteworthy triumphs has been in everything except dispensing with mother-youngster transmission of HIV/AIDS in a study populace. It was a life-changing lesson for this college president about the sort of distinction our establishments can make—a lesson rendered capably genuine when I met with a gathering of the moms and their solid, brilliant looked at kids. When I approached one lady about her expectations for her three-year-old little girl, she grinned and answered, "I need her to go to Harvard."Regularly colleges' universal activities are confined as a focused need—for the remaining of our organizations, for the worldwide achievement of our countries and their economies. Be that as it may, if these are rivalries, they are ones in which everybody can win—through the organizations they produce, in the open doors they open, in the fields and the psyches they grow. In reality, as different foundations waver in debilitating progression, colleges support the trusts of the world: in comprehending difficulties that cross fringes; in opening and saddling new information; in building social and political comprehension; and in demonstrating situations that advance dialog and level headed discussion.This depiction catches a vital piece of what colleges are and why we require them, why we have looked to them as zones of openness since the first Studia Generalia in Paris and Bologna pulled in understudies from crosswise over medieval Europe to study law, religious philosophy, reasoning and prescription, trains that and, after its all said and done expanded past countries and crosswise over fringes.Yet, in 2010, even as we wonder about the pace of extension in advanced education over the globe, even as we around the globe all things considered recognize its discriminating and steadily expanding significance, even as we perceive its fundamentally worldwide degree, we see its future jeopardized. We find that the worldwide financial emergency has impeded our cross-fringe energy. The world appears a bit less "level," and a few spectators assert that the subsidence has driven globalization into retreat. As the world wavers in the middle of openness and insularity, numerous stress that we are entering an all the more internal looking period, when states start to revive old limits and national concerns trump universal desires. We saw some early evidences of expanded insularity in the months after 9/11, when fixed security forced new obstacles for global understudies. We at Harvard attempted to help understudies with visa challenges, however despite everything we saw numbers reduce for a period, and global personnel experienced obstructions also.

THE NEW FORTWO CABRIO

It’s a new Smart, obviously, the third such new Smart following the Fortwo and Forfour, all based as they are on a new platform shared with the Renault Twingo. Minus a roof, this time around.
Specifically, a fabric roof that can slide back at the touch of a button in just 12 seconds. If you remove the roof bars and stow them in a special compartment in the tailgate – by hand, just like a Lamborghini Aventador! – you get even more air.
Unlike the Lamborghini Aventador, however, it doesn’t come with a screaming, 6.5-litre V12 and four-wheel-drive. Nope, the Smart Fortwo Cabrio comes equipped with your choice of a 1.0-litre, three-cylinder petrol with 71hp, or a 898cc three-pot with 90hp, which will do 0-62mph in 10.8s. Both are rear-mounted and drive the rear wheels through either a five-speed manual or dual-clutch auto ‘box.
The body has also been reinforced – there are two new bulkheads under the front and rear, along with another steel tube inside the A-pillars – and it’s 15 per cent stiffer than the last Smart Cabrio. And because it’s a Merc deep down, it is subject to the same crash testing as, say, the new S-Class Cabriolet too.
“I am sure we will delight our present 220,000 Cabrio customers and win lots of new fans with this successful lifestyle icon,” explains Smart boss Dr Annette Winkler. Does it delight?

Introduction

For anyone who lives or works in urban centers like New York or San Francisco that are plagued by a chronic shortage of parking spaces, there's no need to explain the appeal of the 2015 Smart Fortwo. At slightly less than 9 feet in length, this two-passenger microcar's entire mission is to allow its owner to squeeze it into all those curbside spots that are too small for even the stubbiest of subcompacts. Unfortunately, that's about where the Fortwo's appeal ends.
Topping the list of negatives are the annoying hesitations and clunky gearchanges that have long plagued the gasoline-powered model's automated-manual transmission. That problem thankfully doesn't exist for the Fortwo Electric Drive because of its all-electric powertrain. But all Fortwos are prone to a choppy ride quality, a substantial amount of road noise and noticeable buffeting in crosswinds, all of which can become tedious on long road trips. Pokey acceleration is another notable drawback.
With these downsides in mind, it's not surprising that we'd urge buyers considering the 2015 Fortwo to look at a number of more refined and practical competitors. If small size is a big deal for you, we'd recommend that you check out the only slightly larger but more enjoyable to drive 2015 Scion iQ. For those in search of maximum mpg, the compact Toyota Prius C should work out well. We'd also point you to any of the top subcompacts like the Chevrolet Sonic, Ford Fiesta and Honda Fit, as they're more comfortable to drive and offer a more attractive set of features for the money. Finally, if zero-emissions operation is important, the 2015 Fiat 500e provides more range, quicker acceleration and a superior on-road feel than the Smart Electric Drive.
Good news is coming for next year as Smart is set to introduce an all-new Fortwo that will be a little bigger and more refined. But for this year, the Smart Fortwo is simply outclassed.

Body Styles, Trim Levels, and Options

The 2015 Smart Fortwo is offered in both coupe and convertible (a.k.a. Cabriolet) body styles. Coupes are available in entry-level Pure and better-equipped Passion trim levels. The convertible, which features a powered soft top with a sunroof-like front section that can be opened independently, is only offered in the Passion trim. The Fortwo Electric Drive is also available in coupe and convertible body styles in a single trim level.
The base Pure coupe's short list of standard features includes 15-inch steel wheels, a solid roof panel, keyless entry, automatic climate control, cloth upholstery, a flat-folding passenger seat, manual windows, power door locks and a leather-wrapped steering wheel. Stepping up to the Passion trim level gets you 15-inch alloy wheels, automatic headlights and wipers, a see-through roof panel (coupe only), a power-folding convertible top (Cabriolet only), heated power side mirrors, power windows, a three-spoke steering wheel with shift paddles, a driver armrest and a two-speaker sound system with USB and auxiliary audio input jacks.
The Smart Fortwo Electric Drive includes most of the Passion coupe and convertible's standard features and adds electric power steering
The options list includes a Cruise Control package that bundles cruise control and a trip computer and removes the steering-wheel-mounted shift paddles. A Comfort package offered on the Passion coupe and convertible includes electric power steering, leather upholstery, heated seats and a retractable cargo area cover. The Style package offered on Passion models includes 15-inch Brabus alloy wheels, LED daytime running lights, ambient interior lighting and additional instruments in dash-top pods; the same package on the Fortwo Electric Drive includes distinctive green and white trim pieces inside and out. Finally, a Technology package that includes a navigation system and a seven-speaker surround-sound audio system is offered on both Passion body styles and the Electric Drive variant.
Stand-alone options include foglights, LED daytime running lights, dash-top gauges and most of the features in the option packages noted above.

Powertrains and Performance

The 2015 Smart Fortwo Pure and Passion models are powered by a rear-mounted 1.0-liter three-cylinder engine that produces 70 horsepower and 68 pound-feet of torque. Power flows to the rear wheels by way of a five-speed automated-manual transmission.
In Edmunds testing, a Smart Fortwo went from zero to 60 mph in a painfully slow 14.1 seconds on its way to a 90 mph top speed. Though its fuel capacity is only 8.7 gallons, the car's range is acceptable when you figure in its EPA-estimated fuel economy of 36 mpg combined (34 city/38 highway). These are offset, however, by the fact that the engine requires expensive premium fuel.
The Smart Fortwo Electric Drive's powertrain includes a 55kW electric motor and a 17.6 kWh lithium-ion battery pack. Rated power is 47 hp, but a burst mode allows the Electric to generate 74 hp for a short period of time. Acceleration from zero to 60 mph is said to take 11.5 seconds. Smart also says fully charging the battery with a 240-volt power source will take 6 hours, which is a long time for an EV. According to the EPA, the electric Smart has a range of 68 miles and an overall efficiency rating of 32 kWh used per 100 miles driven.

Safety

Standard safety features on the 2015 Smart Fortwo include antilock brakes, stability control, traction control, hill-start assist and eight airbags including front, knee, side-impact and side curtain.
In crash tests conducted by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, the Fortwo earned the top rating of "Good" in moderate-overlap frontal-offset, side impact and roof strength tests. Its seat/head restraint design was rated "Acceptable" (second best out of the four ratings) for whiplash protection in rear impacts.

Interior Design and Special Features

The Fortwo Pure is quite basic inside -- power windows and even a radio are options. Even the better equipped Passion model charges extra for simple everyday features like power steering, cruise control and a retractable cargo area cover. But the passenger cabin feels a good bit more spacious than you might expect given the car's diminutive exterior. Part of the credit for this feeling of openness goes to the large windshield and the see-through roof panel on the Passion coupe and the front section of the retractable roof on the Passion convertible.
The Fortwo's podlike body shell also creates generous amounts of head- and legroom. Behind the seats, the cargo area offers a passable 8 cubic feet of storage that can be expanded to accommodate long items via the flat-folding passenger seat. Perhaps more impressive is the fact that, unlike some electric and hybrid models, the Smart Fortwo Electric Drive doesn't sacrifice any of this cargo space to make room for the battery pack, as designers have managed to sandwich it beneath the floor.

Driving Impressions

From behind the steering wheel, the 2015 Smart Fortwo is a bit of a mixed bag. With a size that makes even pint-sized cars like the Mini Cooper seem large and a tight turning circle, the Smart lets you move through snarled traffic and snag partial parking spots in a way that's sure to make many of the drivers around you envious. On the open road, however, the Fortwo's combination of a short wheelbase and firm suspension tuning creates a rough ride that takes a good bit of fun out of the driving equation.
Much the same can be said of the standard model's 70-hp three-cylinder engine, which gives the car sufficient zip in slow-moving traffic but begins to feel winded when driven at prolonged freeway speeds. By far the biggest drawback of this powertrain, though, is the performance of the automated-manual transmission that provides gearchanges that are slow and clunky in fully automatic mode and only slightly less aggravating when shifted manually.

THE CULTURAL HERITAGE OF KATHMANDU

 

Kathmandu Valley

The cultural heritage of the Kathmandu Valley is illustrated by seven groups of monuments and buildings which display the full range of historic and artistic achievements for which the Kathmandu Valley is world famous. The seven include the Durbar Squares of Hanuman Dhoka (Kathmandu), Patan and Bhaktapur, the Buddhist stupas of Swayambhu and Bauddhanath and the Hindu temples of Pashupati and Changu Narayan.

 

Brief synthesis

Located in the foothills of the Himalayas, the Kathmandu Valley World Heritage property is inscribed as seven Monument zones. these monuments are

Durbar squares or urban centres with their palaces, temples and public spaces of the three cities of Kathmandu (Hanuman Dhoka), Patan and Bhaktapur, and the religious ensembles of Swayambhu, Bauddhanath, Pashupati and Changu Narayan. The religious ensemble of Swayambhu includes the oldest Buddhist monument (a stupa) in the Valley; that of Bauddhanath includes the largest stupa in Nepal; Pashupati has an extensive Hindu temple precinct, and Changu Narayan comprises traditional Newari settlement, and a Hindu temple complex with one of the earliest inscriptions in the Valley from the fifth century AD. The unique tiered temples are mostly made of fired brick with mud mortar and timber structures. The roofs are covered with small overlapping terracotta tiles, with gilded brass ornamentation. The windows, doorways and roof struts have rich decorative carvings. The stupas have simple but powerful forms with massive, whitewashed hemispheres supporting gilded cubes with the all-seeing eternal Buddha eyes.
As Buddhism and Hinduism developed and changed over the centuries throughout Asia, both religions prospered in Nepal and produced a powerful artistic and architectural fusion beginning at least from the 5th century AD, but truly coming into its own in the three hundred year period between 1500 and 1800 AD. These monuments were defined by the outstanding cultural traditions of the Newars, manifested in their unique urban settlements, buildings and structures with intricate ornamentation displaying outstanding craftsmanship in brick, stone, timber and bronze that are some of the most highly developed in the world.


Criterion (iii) 
            The seven monument ensembles represent an exceptional testimony to the traditional civilization of the Kathmandu Valley. The cultural traditions of the multi ethnic people who settled in this remote Himalayan valley over the past two millennia, referred to as the Newars, is manifested in the unique urban society which boasts of one of the most highly developed craftsmanship of brick, stone, timber and bronze in the world. The coexistence and amalgamation of Hinduism and Buddhism with animist rituals and Tantrism is considered unique.


Criterion (iv):

          The property is comprised of exceptional architectural typologies, ensembles and urban fabric illustrating the highly developed culture of the Valley, which reached an apogee between 1500 and 1800 AD. The exquisite examples of palace complexes, ensembles of temples and stupas are unique to the Kathmandu Valley.


Criterion (vi)

          The property is tangibly associated with the unique coexistence and amalgamation of Hinduism and Buddhism with animist rituals and Tantrism. The symbolic and artistic values are manifested in the ornamentation of the buildings, the urban structure and often the surrounding natural environment, which are closely associated with legends, rituals and festivals. 

Integrity

All the attributes that express the outstanding universal value of the Kathmandu Valley are represented through the seven monument zones established with the boundary modification accepted by the World Heritage Committee in 2006. These encompass the seven historic ensembles and their distinct contexts. The majority of listed buildings are in good condition and the threat of urban development is being controlled through the Integrated Management Plan. However the property continues to be vulnerable to encroaching development, in particular new infrastructure.

Authenticity

The authenticity of the property is retained through the unique form, design, material and substance of the monuments, displaying a highly developed traditional craftsmanship and situated within a traditional urban or natural setting. Even though the Kathmandu Valley has undergone immense urbanization, the authenticity of the historic ensembles as well as much of the traditional urban fabric within the boundaries has been retained.

Protection and management requirements

The designated property has been declared a protected monument zone under the Ancient Monument Preservation Act, 1956, providing the highest level of national protection. The property has been managed by the coordinative action of tiers of central government, local government and non-governmental organizations within the responsibilities and authorities clearly enumerated in the Integrated Management Plan for the Kathmandu World Heritage Property adopted in 2007.
The implementation of the Integrated Management Plan will be reviewed in five-year cycles allowing necessary amendments and augmentation to address changing circumstances. A critical component that will be addressed is disaster risk management for the property.