The April 2015 Nepal earthquake (also known as the Gorkha earthquake)[6][9] killed more than 9,000 people and injured more than 23,000. It occurred at on 25 April, with a magnitude of 7.8Mw[1] or 8.1Ms[2] and a maximum Mercalli Intensity of IX (Violent). Its epicenter was east of the district of Lamjung, and its hypocenter was at a depth of approximately 8.2 km (5.1 mi).[1] It was the worst natural disaster to strike Nepal since the 1934 Nepal–Bihar earthquake.[10][11][12]
The earthquake triggered an avalanche on Mount Everest, killing at least 19,[13] making April 25, 2015 the deadliest day on the mountain in history.[14] The earthquake triggered another huge avalanche in the Langtang valley, where 250 people were reported missing.[15][16]
Hundreds of thousands of people were made homeless with entire villages flattened,[15][17][18] across many districts of the country. Centuries-old buildings were destroyed at UNESCO World Heritage sites in the Kathmandu Valley, including some at theKathmandu Durbar Square, the Patan Durbar Square, the Bhaktapur Durbar Square, the Changu Narayan Temple and theSwayambhunath Stupa. Geophysicists and other experts had warned for decades that Nepal was vulnerable to a deadly earthquake, particularly because of its geology, urbanization, and architecture.[19][20]
Continued aftershocks occurred throughout Nepal at the intervals of 15–20 minutes, with one shock reaching a magnitude of 6.7 on 26 April at NST.[5] The country also had a continued risk of landslides.[21]
A major aftershock occurred on 12 May 2015 at with a moment magnitude (Mw) of 7.3.[22] The epicenter was near the Chinese border between the capital of Kathmandu and Mt. Everest.[23] More than 200 people were killed and more than 2,500 were injured by this aftershock.[24]
Contents
[show]Earthquake[edit]
The earthquake occurred on 25 April 2015 at NST (06:11:26 UTC) at a depth of approximately 15 km (9.3 mi) (which is considered shallow and therefore more damaging than quakes that originate deeper in the ground),[25] with its epicentreapproximately 34 km (21 mi) east-southeast of Lamjung, Nepal, lasting approximately fifty seconds.[26] The earthquake was initially reported as 7.5 Mw by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) before it was quickly upgraded to 7.8 Mw. The China Earthquake Networks Center (CENC) reported the earthquake's magnitude to be 8.1 Ms. The India Meteorological Department(IMD) said two powerful quakes were registered in Nepal at 06:11 UTC and 06:45 UTC. The first quake measured 7.8 Mw and its epicenter was identified at a distance of 80 km to the northwest of Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal. Bharatpur was the nearest major city to the main earthquake, 53 km (33 mi) from the epicenter. The second earthquake was somewhat less powerful at 6.6 Mw. It occurred 65 km (40 mi) east of Kathmandu and its seismic focus lay at a depth of 10 km (6.2 mi) below the earth's surface. Over thirty-eight aftershocks of magnitude 4.5 Mw or greater occurred in the day following the initial earthquake, including the one of magnitude 6.8 Mw.[27]
According to the USGS, the temblor was caused by a sudden thrust, or release of built-up stress, along the major fault line where the Indian Plate, carrying India, is slowly diving underneath the Eurasian Plate, carrying much of Europe and Asia.[25]Kathmandu, situated on a block of crust approximately 120 km (74 miles) wide and 60 km (37 miles) long, reportedly shifted 3 m (10 ft) to the south in a matter of just 30 seconds.[28]
The risk of a large earthquake was well known beforehand. In 2013, in an interview with seismologist Vinod Kumar Gaur, The Hindu quoted him as saying, "Calculations show that there is sufficient accumulated energy [in the Main Frontal Thrust], now to produce an 8 magnitude earthquake. I cannot say when. It may not happen tomorrow, but it could possibly happen sometime this century, or wait longer to produce a much larger one."[29] According to Brian Tucker, founder of a nonprofit organization devoted to reducing casualties from natural disasters, some government officials had expressed confidence that such an earthquake would not occur again. Tucker recounted a conversation he had had with a government official in the 1990s who said, "We don't have to worry about earthquakes anymore, because we already had an earthquake"; the previous earthquake to which he referred occurred in 1934.[30]
Geology[edit]
Nepal lies towards the southern limit of the diffuse collisional boundary where the Indian Plate underthrusts the Eurasian Plate,[31][32]occupying the central sector of the Himalayan arc, nearly one-third of the 2,400 km (1,500 mi) long Himalayas. Geologically, the Nepal Himalayas are sub-divided into five tectonic zones from north to south, east to west and almost parallel to sub-parallel.[33] These five distinct morpho-geotectonic zones are: (1) Terai Plain, (2) Sub Himalaya (Sivalik Range), (3) Lesser Himalaya (Mahabharat Range and mid valleys), (4) Higher Himalaya, and (5) Inner Himalaya (Tibetan Tethys).[34] Each of these zones is clearly identified by their morphological, geological, and tectonic features.[34]
The convergence rate between the plates in central Nepal is about 45 mm (1.8 in) per year. The location, magnitude, and focal mechanism of the earthquake suggest that it was caused by a slip along the Main Frontal Thrust.[1][35]
The earthquake's effects were amplified in Kathmandu as it sits on the Kathmandu Basin, which contains up to 600 m (2,000 ft) ofsedimentary rocks, representing the infilling of a lake.[36]
Based on a study published in 2014, of the Main Frontal Thrust, on average a great earthquake occurs every 750 ± 140 and 870 ± 350 years in the east Nepal region.[37] A study from 2015 found a 700-year delay between earthquakes in the region. The study also suggests that because of tectonic stress buildup, the earthquake from 1934 in Nepal and the 2015 quake are connected, following a historic earthquake pattern.[38]
Intensity[edit]
According to "Did You Feel It?" (DYFI?) responses on the USGS website, the intensity in Kathmandu was IX (Violent).[1] Tremors were felt in the neighboring Indian states of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Assam, West Bengal, Sikkim, Jharkhand, Uttarakhand, Gujarat[39][better source needed] in the National capital region around New Delhi[40] and as far south as Karnataka.[41] Many buildings were brought down in Bihar. Minor cracks in the walls of houses were reported in Odisha. Minor quakes were registered as far as Kochi in the southern state of Kerala. The intensity in Patna was V (Moderate).[42] The intensity was IV (Light) in Dhaka, Bangladesh.[1] The earthquake was also experienced across southwestern China, ranging from the Tibet Autonomous Region to Chengdu, which is 1,900 km (1,200 mi) away from the epicenter.[43] Tremors were felt in Pakistan[44] and Bhutan.[1]
Aftershocks[edit]
Main article: List of aftershocks after the 2015 Nepal earthquake
A major aftershock of magnitude 6.7 Mw occurred on 26 April 2015 in the same region at 12:55 NST (07:09 UTC), with an epicenter located about 17 km (11 mi) south of Kodari, Nepal.[44][45] The aftershock caused fresh avalanches on Mount Everest and was felt in many places in northern India includingKolkata, Siliguri, Jalpaiguri and Assam.[46] The aftershock caused a landslide on the Koshi Highway which blocked the section of the road between Bhedetar and Mulghat.[47]
A model of GeoGateway, based on a United States Geological Survey mechanism of a near-horizontal fault as well as location of aftershocks showed that the fault was an 11° dip striking at 295°, 50 km (31 mi) wide, 150 km (93 mi) long, and had a dip slip of 3 m (9.8 ft).[48] The USGS says the aftershock registered at a shallow depth of 10 km (6.2 mi).[46]
Assuming that 25 April earthquake was the largest event in this seismic episode, Nepal could expect more than 30 aftershocks greater than magnitude 5 over the following month.[49] As of 2 September 2015, 386 aftershocks had occurred with different epicenters and magnitudes equal to or above 4 Mw (out of which 51 aftershocks are equal to or above 5 Mw)and more than 20,000 aftershocks less than 4 Mw.[6]
12 May 2015 earthquake[edit]
Main article: May 2015 Nepal earthquake
A second major earthquake occurred on 12 May 2015 at 12:51 NST with a moment magnitude (Mw) of 7.3Mw 18 km (11 mi) southeast of Kodari. The epicenter was near theChinese border between the capital of Kathmandu and Mt. Everest. It struck at the depth of 18.5 km (11.5 miles). This earthquake occurred along the same fault as the original magnitude 7.8 earthquake of 25 April but further to the east. As such, it is considered to be an aftershock of the 25 April quake.[50] Tremors were also felt in northern parts of India including Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and other North-Indian States.[51][52][53]
At least 117 died in Nepal as a result of the aftershock and about 2,500 were injured. Seventeen others died in India and one in China.[24][54]
Aftermath[edit]
Disastrous events in very poor and politically paralyzed nations such as Nepal often become a long drawn out chain of events, in that one disaster feeds into another for years or even decades upon end. The after effects from the earthquake have knock-on effects on a myriad seemingly unrelated aspects: human trafficking, labor cost and availability, rental and property cost burdens, urbanization, private and public debt burdens, mental health, politics, tourism, as well as disease and healthcare system damages, disasters that come with the monsoon season. The first monsoon related effects: a landslip on 11 June claimed 53 lives[55] meanwhile a glacial lake had burst in particularly hard hit Solukhumbhu district;[56] whether or not the quake had contributed to such events is often unknown and unresearched, but certainly possible.
| Country | Deaths | Injuries | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
 Nepal | > 8,857 | > 22,304 | [7][57] |
 India | 130 | 560 | [58] |
 China | 27 | 383 | [59] |
 Bangladesh | 4 | 200 | [60] |
| Total | 9,018 | 23,447 |
| Country | Deaths | Ref. |
|---|---|---|
| India | 40 | [61] |
 France | 10 | [62] |
 Spain | 7 | [63] |
 United States | 7 | [64][65][66] |
 Germany | 5 | [67][68] |
| China | 4 | [69] |
 Italy | 4 | [70] |
 Canada | 2 | [71] |
 Russia | 2 | [72] |
 Australia India | 1 | [73][74] |
 Estonia | 1 | [75] |
 Hong Kong United Kingdom | 1 | [76][77] |
 Israel | 1 | [78] |
 Japan | 1 | [79] |
 Malaysia | 1 | [80] |
 New Zealand | 1 | [81] |
| United Kingdom | 1 | [82] |
| Total | 89 |
Casualties[edit]
- Nepal
The earthquake killed more than 8,600 in Nepal[7][83] and injured more than twice as many. The rural death toll may have been lower than it would have been as the villagers were outdoors, working when the quake hit.[84] As of 15 May, 6,271 people, including 1,700 from the 12 May aftershock, were still receiving treatment for their injuries.[54] More than 450,000 people were displaced.[57]
The Himalayan Times reported that as many as 20,000 foreign nationals may have been visiting Nepal at the time of the earthquake, although reports of foreign deaths were relatively low.[85]
- India
A total of 78 deaths were reported in India - 58 in Bihar, 16 in Uttar Pradesh, 3 in West Bengal and 1 in Rajasthan.[58]
- China
25 dead and 4 missing, all from the Tibet Autonomous Region.[59]
- Bangladesh
4 dead.[60]
Avalanches on Mount Everest[edit]
Main article: 2015 Mount Everest avalanches
This earthquake caused avalanches on Mount Everest. At least 19[86] died, including Google executive Dan Fredinburg,[87] with at least 120[86] others injured or missing.
Landslides in the Langtang Valley[edit]
In the Langtang valley located in Langtang National Park, 329 people were reported missing after an avalanche hit the village of Ghodatabela[88][89] and the village of Langtang. The avalanche was estimated to have been two to three kilometres wide. Ghodatabela was an area popular on the Langtang trekking route.[90] The village of Langtang has been destroyed by the avalanche. Smaller settlements on the outskirts of Langtang were buried during the earthquake, such as Chyamki, Thangsyap, and Mundu. Twelve locals and two foreigners were believed to have survived. Smaller landslides occurred in the Trishuli RiverValley with reports of significant damage at Mailung, Simle, and Archale.[16][91][92] On 4 May it was announced that 52 bodies had been found in the Langtang area, of which seven were of foreigners.[93]
Damage[edit]
Thousands of houses were destroyed across many districts of the country, with entire villages flattened, especially those near the epicenter.[15][17][18] The Tribhuvan International Airport serving Kathmandu was closed immediately after the quake, but was re-opened later in the day for relief operations and, later, for some commercial flights.[94] It subsequently shut down operations sporadically due to aftershocks,[95] and on 3 May was closed temporarily to the largest planes for fear of runway damage.[96] Many workers were not at their posts, either from becoming earthquake casualties or because they were dealing with its after effects.[97] Flights resumed from Pokhara, to the west of the epicentre, on 27 April.[98]
Several of the churches in the Kathmandu valley were destroyed. As Saturday is the principal day of Christian worship in Nepal, 500 people were reported to have died in the collapses.[99][100]
Several pagodas on Kathmandu Durbar Square, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, collapsed,[26] as did the Dharahara tower, built in 1832; the collapse of the latter structure killed at least 180 people,[101][102][103][104] Manakamana Temple in Gorkha was also destroyed. The northern side ofJanaki Mandir in Janakpur was reported to have been damaged.[105] Several temples, including Kasthamandap, Panchtale temple, the top levels of the nine-story Basantapur Durbar, the Dasa Avtar temple and two dewals located behind the Shiva Parvati temple were demolished by the quake. Some other monuments, including the Kumari Temple and the Taleju Bhawani Temple partially collapsed.[106][107]
The top of the Jaya Bageshwari Temple in Gaushala and some parts of the Pashupatinath Temple, Swyambhunath, Boudhanath Stupa, Ratna Mandir, inside Rani Pokhari, and Durbar High School have been destroyed.[108]
In Patan, the Char Narayan Mandir, the statue of Yog Narendra Malla, a pati inside Patan Durbar Square, the Taleju Temple, the Hari Shankar, Uma Maheshwar Temple and the Machhindranath Temple in Bungamati were destroyed. In Tripureshwar, the Kal Mochan Ghat, a temple inspired by Mughal architecture, was completely destroyed and the nearby Tripura Sundari also suffered significant damage. In Bhaktapur, several monuments, including the Fasi Deva temple, the Chardham temple and the 17th century Vatsala Durga Temple, were fully or partially destroyed.[108]
Outside the Valley, the Manakamana Temple in Gorkha, the Gorkha Durbar, the Palanchok Bhagwati, in Kabhrepalanchok District, the Rani Mahal in Palpa District, the Churiyamai in Makwanpur District, the Dolakha Bhimsensthan in Dolakha District, and the Nuwakot Durbar were partially destroyed. Historian Prushottam Lochan Shrestha stated, "We have lost most of the monuments that had been designated as World Heritage Sites in Kathmandu, Bhaktapur and Lalitpur District, Nepal. They cannot be restored to their original states."[108] The northeastern parts of India also received major damage. Heavy shocks were felt in the states Uttrakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and others. Huge damage was caused to the property and the lives of the people.
Economic loss[edit]
Concern was expressed that harvests could be reduced or lost this season as people affected by the earthquake would have only a short time to plant crops before the onset of the Monsoon rains.[109]
Nepal, with a total Gross Domestic Product of USD$19.921 billion (according to a 2012 estimate),[110] is one of Asia's poorest countries, and has little ability to fund a major reconstruction effort on its own.[111] Even before the quake, the Asian Development Bank estimated that it would need to spend about four times more than it currently does annually on infrastructure through to 2020 to attract investment.[111] The U.S. Geological Survey initially estimated economic losses from the temblor at 9 percent to 50 percent of gross domestic product, with a best guess of 35 percent. "It’s too hard for now to tell the extent of the damage and the effect on Nepal’s GDP", according to Hun Kim, an Asian Development Bank (ADB) official. The ADB said on the 28th that it would provide a USD$3 million grant to Nepal for immediate relief efforts, and up to USD$200 million for the first phase of rehabilitation.[111]
Rajiv Biswas, an economist at a Colorado-based consultancy, said that rebuilding the economy will need international effort over the next few years as it could "easily exceed" USD$5 billion, or about 20 percent of Nepal's gross domestic product.[111][112][not in citation given]
Social effects[edit]
It was reported that the survivors were preyed upon by human traffickers involved in supply of girls and women to the brothels of South Asia.[113] The most affected were the poor communities who lost their homes.[114]
Minorities/Racial Element[edit]
In the bitter fight for supplies, single women have had very little access to post-quakes relief as dropped or handed out supplies are hoarded by males, where rapes and fear of rapes block material aid and healthcare services from reaching them, according to a report by the Inter-party Women’s Alliance (IPWA).[115]Additionally, the earthquake has hit certain minorities, Tibeto-Burman (Oriental) races were hardest hit as they tend to inhabit the higher slopes of mountains as opposed to the central valleys, and thus are harder to access, less educated and connected, and are considered lower caste within Nepali society. Malnutrition in children, where 41 percent of children under five were stunted, 29 percent were underweight and 11 percent were emaciated according to UNICEF before the quake, has worsened considerably some 3 months after the quake according to a survey, with the most undernourished being Tamang and Chepang peoples.[116]
Media coverage[edit]
On 3 May, the hashtag #GoHomeIndianMedia was trending worldwide on Twitter condemning news covered by the Indian media as insensitive and inhumane to victims of the tragedy. People of Nepal acknowledged the aid and effort put by the Indian armed forces, yet, at the same time, accused Indian news networks of carrying out "a public relations exercise" on behalf of the Indian government, for patronising aid given as exclusive, and for hogging space on relief planes where aid material or rescue or medical personnel could have been sent instead.[117] Indian users responded with the hashtags #SorryNepal and#DontComeBackIndianMedia.[118]
Rescue and relief[edit]
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About 90 percent of soldiers from the Nepalese Army were sent to the stricken areas in the aftermath of the earthquake under Operation Sankat Mochan, with volunteers mobilized from other parts of the country.[119] Rainfall and aftershocks were factors complicating the rescue efforts, with potential secondary effects like additional landslides and further building collapses being concerns. Impassable roads and damaged communications infrastructure posed substantial challenges to rescue efforts.[120] Survivors were found up to a week after the earthquake.[121][122][123]
As of 1 May 2015, international aid agencies like Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders) and the Red Cross were able to start medically evacuating the critically wounded by helicopter from outlying areas, initially cut-off from the capital city, Kathmandu,[17] and treating others in mobile and makeshift facilities.[124][125] There was concern about epidemics due to the shortage of clean water, the makeshift nature of living conditions and the lack of toilets.[126]
Emergency workers were able to identify four men who had been trapped in rubble, and rescue them, using advanced heartbeat detection. The four men were trapped in up to ten feet of rubble in the village of Chautara, north of Kathmandu. An international team of rescuers from several countries using FINDER devices found two sets of men under two different collapsed buildings.[127]
Volunteers used crisis mapping to help plan emergency aid work.[128] Public volunteers from around the world added details into online maps.[129][130][131] Information was mapped from data input from social media, satellite pictures[132] and drones[128] of passable roads, collapsed houses, stranded, shelterless and starving people, who needed help, and from messages and contact details of people willing to help.[133] On-site volunteers verified these mapping details wherever they could to reduce errors. First responders, from Nepalese citizens to the Red Cross, the Nepal army and the United Nations used this data. The Nepal earthquake crisis mapping utilized experience gained and lessons learned about planning emergency aid work from earthquakes in Haiti and Indonesia.[134]
Reports are also coming in of sub-standard relief materials and inedible food being sent to Nepal by many of the foreign aid agencies.[135][136]
A United States Marine helicopter crashed on 12 May while involved in delivering relief supplies. The crash occurred at Charikot, roughly 45 miles (72 kilometers) east of Kathmandu. Two Nepalese soldiers and 6 American soldiers died in the crash.[137]
Repair and reconstruction[edit]
Monuments[edit]
UNESCO and the Ministry of Culture began strengthening damaged monuments in danger of collapsing before the monsoon season. Subsequent restoration of collapsed structures, including historic houses is planned. Architectural drawings exist that provide plans for reconstruction. According to UNESCO, more than 30 monuments in the Kathmandu Valley collapsed in the quakes, and another 120 incurred partial damage.[138] Repair estimates are $160 million to restore 1,000 damaged and destroyed monasteries, temples, historic houses, and shrines across the country. The destruction is concentrated in the Kathmandu Valley. UNESCO designated seven groups of multi-ethnic monuments clustered in the valley as a single World Heritage Site, including Swayambhu, the Durbar squares of Kathmandu, Patan, and Bhaktapur, and the Hindu temples of Pashupati and Changu Narayan. Damaged in the quakes were the structures in the three Durbar squares, the temple of Changu Narayan, and the 1655 temple in Sankhu. Drones fly above above cultural heritage sites to provide 3D images of the damage to use for planning repairs.[139]
International aid[edit]
UNICEF appealed for donations, as close to 1.7 million children had been driven out into the open, and were in desperate need of drinking water, psychological counsel, temporary shelters, sanitation and protection from disease outbreak. It distributed water, tents, hygiene kits, water purification tablets and buckets.[140] Numerous other organizations provided similar support.[141]
India was the first to respond within hours, being Nepal's immediate neighbour,[142] with Operation Maitri which provided rescue and relief by its armed forces. It also evacuated its own and other countries' stranded nationals. The United Kingdom has been the largest bilateral aid donor to Nepal following the earthquake.[143][144] The United States, China and other nations have provided helicopters as requested by the Nepalese government.[145][146]
On 26 April 2015, international aid agencies and governments mobilized rescue workers and aid for the earthquake. They faced challenges in both getting assistance to Nepal and ferrying people to remote areas as the country had few helicopters.[147][148] Relief efforts were also hampered by Nepalese government insistence on routing aid through the Prime Minister's Disaster Relief Fund and its National Emergency Operation Center. After concerns were raised, it was clarified that "Non-profits" or NGOs already in the country could continue receiving aid directly and bypass the official fund.[147][149] Aid mismatch and supply of "leftovers" by donors,[150] aid diversion in Nepal,[151] mistrust over control of the distribution of funds and supplies,[152][153][154] congestion and customs delays at Kathmandu's airport and border check posts were also reported.[155][156] On 3 May 2015, restrictions were placed on heavy aircraft flying in aid supplies after new cracks were noticed on the runway at the Tribhuvan airport (KTM), Nepal's only wide-body jet airport.[157][158][159]
The list below gives a break-up of pledged donations, by each nation, along with aid in kind, delivered immediately.[160]
| Aid agency / Country | Cash donation (US $) | Humanitarian aid and supplies | Other aid | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies | $535,664.55 emergency fund activated | Volunteers (first-aid, search-&-rescue) | Blood-bank supplies to areas in the capital | [125] |
| Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders) | Rapid intervention surgical kit with 11-member team left Kathmandu for Ghorka (200 km north-west) (61 staff deployed) | Water and sanitation – makeshift camps – Tudikhel (Kathmandu), Bhaktapur (14 km east of Kathmandu), first-aid material to Bhaktapur hospital | [124][148] | |
 European Union | $3.3 million | Aid, first-response teams and civil-protection experts | [161] | |
 Algeria | $1 million | 70 relief workers, medicines, and other supplies | [162] | |
| Australia | $15.86 million | • $3,568,500 to the United Nations relief effort, $793,000 to the World Health Organization, $793,000 to the Australian Red Cross, $396,500 to the RedR Australia relief organisation, $3.172 million for other Australian NGOs. • Two Boeing C-17 aircraft carrying 15 tons of Australian aid and two RAAF aero medical evacuation teams. • The Government of Tasmania donated $7,930 to Rotary Tasmania's Nepal Earthquake Appeal. | • 2 humanitarian experts and a crisis-response team initially. • 70 defence personnel, immigration and other federal government officials to distribute aid and help with evacuation efforts. | [163][164][165][166] |
 Austria | $835,000 | Austrian Red Cross search-&-rescue staff | [167] | |
 Azerbaijan | 1 ton of medical supplies, tents, blankets and water (Ministry of Emergency Situations) | [168] | ||
| Bangladesh | • BAF Lockheed C-130B aircraft with 10 tonnes of relief materials – tents, dry food, water, blankets, etc. • Four cargo trucks carrying approximately 25 tonnes of essential relief materials for earthquake victims in Nepal left Dhaka. The cargoes will travel through Banglabandh-Fulbari-Panitanki-Kakarbhitta land route. The relief materials include 3000 cartons (12 tonne) of dry food and fruit juice donated byPran, and 5000 pieces of blankets donated byBrac, according to a press release of the Embassy of Nepal in Bangladesh. • Bangladesh will provide at least one lakh metric tons of rice and other relief materials including drinking water to help the earthquake victims in Nepal. | A 34-member team (6 military medical teams and foreign ministry officials). Stranded Bangladeshis airlifted. | [169][170][171][172][173] | |
 Belgium | $5.5 million | Search-&-rescue teams | [174] | |
 Bhutan | $1 million | 63 personnel medical team | [175][176][177][178] [179] | |
 Brunei | 8 man relief team (2 doctors, 4 paramedics from theRoyal Brunei Armed Forces (RBAF) and Brunei’sGurkha Reserve Unit (GRU) | [180] | ||
| Canada | $4.16 million; $832,000 to the Canadian Red Cross | A Boeing C-17 with supplies – blankets, jerry-cans, kitchen sets, hygiene kits, and tarps | 150 Canadian troops; a Disaster Assistance Response Team – 30 experts; pledges by humanitarian organizations; immigration assistance | [181][182][183][184] [185] |
| China | $9.9 million | Tents, blankets, and generators; emergency response for citizens | China International Search and Rescue Team (CISAR) – 268 members, 26 search-&-rescue dogs | [186][187][188][189] [190][191][192] |
 Colombia | Fundraising by theColombian Red Cross | Over 1,500 volunteers from national societies. | Evacuation of citizens and aid (when needed) | [193][194][195][196] |
 Czech Republic | $791,378 | A Boeing 737 – blankets, medical supplies, water and food; and a special trauma team. | 36 medical workers and 13 firefighters. Evacuated 54 Czechs and 48 EU citizens. | [197][198][199] |
 Denmark | $744,000 | Aid (TBD) | [200] | |
| Estonia | Fundraising | 15 rescue workers and medics (could not land – airport congestion) | [201][202][203] | |
 Finland | $3.35 million; fundraising by theFinnish Red Cross | Medical and logistical supplies | A Finnish Red Cross relief workers team | [204][205][206][207] |
| France | Equipment and supplies | Crisis centre at Foreign Ministry; a reinforcement team in New Delhi; 11 rescuers, (more help if needed) | [208][209] | |
| Germany | $68.34 million (€60 million), donated by the public | A mobile medical centre | 52 relief workers team – physicians, searchers, dog squads; the German Federal Agency for Technical Relief (THW)'s Rapid Deployment Unit Water and Sanitation Abroad (SEEWA) | [210][211][212][213] |
 Greece | Search-&-rescue teams | [174] | ||
 Haiti | $1 million | [214] | ||
| Hong Kong | $6.45 million | World Vision Hong Kong raised $1.29 million to provide victims with tents, tarpaulins, solar-powered lights, and other necessities. | [215][216][217] | |
| India | Material aid in Operation Maitri: • 8 tons of baby food • Over 100 tons of medical supplies • 75,000 vials of insulin • Over 200 tons of water • 100,000 bottles of water every day from theIndian Railways • Hundreds of tons of food and dry rations • 43 tons of relief material • 10 tons of blankets • Several tons of stretchers, tents • A reverse osmosis (RO) plant • Oxygen regenerators & cylinders • 345 tons of relief material, dry food and essential medicines from the state governments of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh | Rescue aid: • 16 National Disaster Response Force teams, over 1,000 personnel, search-&-rescue dogs • Hundreds of retired Indian Gorkha soldiers of theIndian Army • Hundreds of Indian Army and Indian Air Forcepersonnel • Military task forces headquartered in Kathmandu andBarpak • Relief sorties by Ilyushin Il-76, C-130J Hercules, C-17 Globemaster, Antonov An-32 aircraft • Civilian aircraft • Helicopters – Mi-17, Cheetah, HAL Dhruv ALH • Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) • 18 member medical team • 3 field hospitals • 2 mobile teams of specialist doctors • 41 member medical team from the state of Rajasthan • Indian Air Force rapid action medical team • 45 bed hospital at Lagankhel • Light vehicles • Earth moving equipment • 18 Indian Army Engineer Task Forces (Indian Army Corps of Engineers) • Indian Oil Corporation team • PowerGrid Corporation of India engineers • 36+ vehicles – ambulances and water tankers – from the Sashastra Seema Bal • 39 member Indian Army team deployed at theEverest Base Camp to search for, rescue and assist climbers Evacuation of over 20,000 Indian citizens and hundreds of foreign nationals by air and road | [218][219][220][221] [222][223][224][225][226] [227][228][229] [230][231][232][233][234] | |
 Indonesia | $2 million | 2 Boeing 737-400s belonging to theIndonesian Armed Forces and Garuda Indonesia, flew with 6 tons of relief supplies – blankets, body bags, food, water hospital and sleeping tents, medical equipment: and medicines | 66 personnel of SAR and Medical team | [235][236] |
 Iran | An 80,000 pounds (36,000 kg) relief package (via India) | [237][238][239] | ||
 Ireland | $1.126 million | [240] | ||
| Israel | Three IAF Hercules and two El Al Boeing 747-400 jets carrying a joint IDF and MFA search-&-rescue team and 95 tons of equipment including a field hospital (with premature-babies ward), cutters, electronic sniffers, generators, and lighting equipment. The planes were also used for evacuation. | 264 person search-&-rescue team, including physicians. | [241][242][243] | |
| Italy | $326,000 | [244] | ||
| Japan | $8.4 million | Emergency relief supplies worth US$210,000 | 70 experts – Foreign Ministry, the National Police Agency, and JICA, along with rescuers, search-&-rescue dog handlers, communication specialists, physicians, and field coordinators | [174][245][246] |
| Malaysia | 20 doctors – Mercy Malaysia; 30-man rescue team – Special Malaysia Disaster Assistance and Rescue Team | [247][248] | ||
 Maldives | Other aid (TBA) | [249] | ||
 Mexico | Earthquake rescue brigade and engineers. | [211][250][251] | ||
 Monaco | Other aid (TBA) | [211] | ||
 Netherlands | $4.45 million by the government and $25.394.275,18 raised by GIRO 555 Action ('Netherlands helps Nepal') | 5 tons of relief supplies | 62-man and 8-dog team; several physicians, nurses, and engineers | [252][253] |
| New Zealand | $771,000 in humanitarian aid | 45 urban search and rescue technicians, 2 aid workers and an engineer. | [254][255] | |
 Norway | $31,1 million (as of 25.05.2015). Including: $17.3 million (Norwegian government) and $13.8 million in donations to Norwegian aid organizations through aid concerts and donations from the Norwegian public. | Deployed NORSAR Search and Rescue team, consisting of search dogs, emergency medical personnel and firefighters and equipment and aid of 15.3 tonnes. Transported with the help of a Boeing737-800 of Norwegian Air Shuttle. | [256][257][258] | |
 Pakistan | Four Lockheed C-130 planes with a 30-bed hospital, 2,000 military meals, 600 blankets, 200 tents, and other assorted relief items | Military emergency personnel including army doctors, medical staff, and the combined ERRA-NDMA's special search and rescue teams with sniffer dogs | [259][260] | |
 Philippines | Soldiers, Philippine Red Cross staff, the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority Humanitarian Assistance Team and volunteers | [261][262][263] | ||
 Poland | 81 firefighters of the State Fire Service, 12 search and rescue dogs, and 6 doctors of the Polish Center for International Aid | [264][265] | ||
 Qatar | 2 aircraft with 60 tons of relief materials, such as food, medicines, power generators, and tents; 2 additional aircraft with 120 tons of relief materials, in addition to a field hospital provided by Qatari Red Crescent | Aid operations | [266] | |
| Russia | Two Ilyushin Il-76 airplanes with 'a team of 90 rescuers and rescue equipment,' and 'a batch of humanitarian aid of food products and articles of daily necessity.' | 50 highly skilled rescue workers | [267][268] | |
 Singapore | $100,000 | 60 members of the Singapore Civil Defence Force; officers from Singapore's police forces, including theGurkha Contingent; another relief team | .[174][269] | |
 Slovakia | $33,000 | [270] | ||
 Slovenia | $55,000 | [271][272][273] | ||
 South Africa | A search and rescue team composed of members of the South African Police Service with police dogs to aid in the rescue operation. | [274] | ||
 South Korea | $1 million | Sindhupalchok area • 1000 tents • Food packages for 230 families (Rice 10 kg, bean 1 kg, salt 1 kg, oil, Nepal noodle 1 kg, 10 vitamin tablets and etc. per a package) • 2.4 tons of rice, 320 bottles of vegetable oil, salts for 740 villagers | 42 search and rescue workers including 15 medics and two assistants. Two sniffer dogs. | [275][276][277][278] |
| Spain | 30 tons of humanitarian aid, including more than 3,200 blankets, 1680 awnings and 500 kitchen sets, donated in part by Spanish Red Cross. | 47 soldiers of the Military Emergencies Unit and seven agents of the Civil Guard, with 60 tons of material, in order to find Spanish citizens unlocated. | [279][280][281] | |
 Sri Lanka | SLAF C-130 Hercules flight and Sri Lankan Airlines Airbus A330 flight with 17 tonnes of medicine, engineering, signal and ordnance equipment, supportive transport requirements, water bottles, health accessories, dry rations, and water purification tablets, etc. | Groups of specialist physicians, other medical staff, and medicine; 44 Sri Lanka Armed Forces personnel and 4 medical consultants; a team of 156 persons, including 11 airmen, 4 medical consultants, and 14 sailors; 97 service personnel: 72 Sri Lanka Armypersonnel, 14 Sri Lanka Navy personnel, 11 Sri Lanka Air Force personnel | [282][283] | |
 Switzerland | $26.7 million (fundraising) | 38 tonnes of relief supplies | Experts, including a physician, a building surveyor, and a water quality technician | [284][285][286] |
 Sweden | $1.5 million | 60 search and rescue staff, along with dogs | [287] | |
 Taiwan | $300,000 | Nepal rejected Taiwan's offer to send search and rescue teams due to "China factor". | [288][289] | |
 Thailand | $200,000 by government $302,000 by the king $5.56 million by the public | Medics and rescue staff | [290][291][292][293][294] | |
 Turkey | 1,000 tents and 320 food packages. | Up to 96 search and rescue staff | [295] | |
 United Arab Emirates | $1.36 million | Medical and food supplies, purchased from India | 88 search and rescue staff | [174][296] |
| United Kingdom | $130 million (£83 million), of which $51 million (£33 million) was donated by the government and $79 million (£50 million) was donated by the public | 30 tonnes of humanitarian aid and 8 tonnes of equipment | Around 100 search and rescue responders, medical experts, and disaster and rescue experts deployed by the Department for International Development; engineers from the British Army's Brigade of Gurkhas; three Chinook helicopters (returned unused by the Nepalese government) | [297][298][299][300] [301][302] |
| United States | $10 million by government, the public donates separately through several agencies | A disaster response team from USAID; Urban Search and Rescue Virginia Task Force 1 from Fairfax County, Virginia was deployed to Nepal from the Dover Air Force Base; Los Angeles County's Urban Search and Rescue California Task Force 2; U.S. Army Green Beret soldiers; 100 Marines; two helicopters and fourV-22 Osprey VTOL aircraft | [303][304][305][306] [307][308] | |
 Vatican City | $100,000 | [309] | ||
 Vietnam | $50,000 by government $30,000 by the Vietnam Red Cross | 10 rescuers – Vietnam Red Cross | [310][311] |
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