The University of Bonn

Introduction

The University of Bonn(German: Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn) is an open exploration college found in Bonn, Germany. Established in its available structure in 1818, as the straight successor of prior scholarly establishments, the University of Bonn is today one of the main colleges in Germany. The University of Bonn offers countless and graduate projects in a scope of subjects. Its library holds more than two million volumes. The University of Bonn has 525 teachers and 31,000 understudies. Among its remarkable graduated class and staff are seven Nobel Laureates, two Fields Medalists, twelve Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize victors, Prince Albert, Pope Benedict XVI, Frederick III, Karl Marx, Heinrich Heine, Friedrich Nietzsche, Konrad Adenauer, and Joseph Schumpeter. In the years 2010, 2011 and 2013, the Times Higher Education positioned the University of Bonn as one of the 200 best colleges in the world.[2][3][4] The University of Bonn is positioned 94th worldwide as indicated by the ARWU University positioning. The college's harbinger was the Kurkölnische Akademie Bonn (English: Academy of the Prince-balloter of Cologne) which was established in 1777 by Maximilian Frederick of Königsegg-Rothenfels, the sovereign voter of Cologne. In the soul of the Enlightenment the new institute was nonsectarian. The foundation had schools for philosophy, law, drug store and general studies. In 1784 Emperor Joseph II allowed the institute the privilege to grant scholastic degrees (Licentiat and Ph.D.), transforming the foundation into a college. The institute was shut in 1798 after the left bank of the Rhine was involved by France amid the French Revolutionary Wars. The Rhineland turned into a piece of Prussia in 1815 as a consequence of the Congress of Vienna. Soon after the seizure of the Rhineland, on 5 April 1815, King Frederick William III of Prussia guaranteed the foundation of another college in the new Rhine area (German: lair aus Landesväterlicher Fürsorge für ihr Bestes gefaßten Entschluß, in Unsern Rheinlanden eine Universität zu errichten). As of now there was no college in the Rhineland, as each of the three colleges that existed until the end of the eighteenth century were shut as an aftereffect of the French occupation. The Kurkölnische Akademie Bonn was one of these three colleges. The other two were the Roman Catholic University of Cologne and the Protestant University of Duisburg. The new Rhein University (German: Rhein-Universität) was then established on 18 October 1818 by Frederick William III. It was the sixth Prussian University, established after the colleges in Greifswald, Berlin, Königsberg, Halle and Breslau. The new college was similarly imparted between the two Christian divisions. This was one of the reasons why Bonn, with its custom of a nonsectarian college, was picked over Cologne and Duisburg. Aside from a school of Roman Catholic philosophy and a school of Protestant philosophy, the college had schools for solution, law and logic. Inititally 35 teachers and eight assistant educators were instructing in Bonn. The college constitution was received in 1827. In the soul of Wilhelm von Humboldt the constitution underlined the self-governance of the college and the solidarity of showing and examination. Like the University of Berlin, which was established in 1810, the new constitution made the University of Bonn a current examination college. One and only year after the beginning of the Rhein University the writer August von Kotzebue was killed by Karl Ludwig Sand, an understudy at the University of Jena. The Carlsbad Decrees, presented on 20 September 1819 prompted a general crackdown on colleges, the disintegration of the Burschenschaften and the presentation of control laws. One exploited person was the creator and writer Ernst Moritz Arndt, who, naturally delegated college educator in Bonn, was banned from instructing. When the passing of Frederick William III in 1840 was he restored in his residency. An alternate outcome of the Carlsbad Decrees was the refusal by Frederick William III to present the chain of office, the authority seal and an authority name to the new college. The Rhein University was subsequently anonymous until 1840, when the new King of Prussia, Frederick William IV provided for it the authority name Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität. In spite of these issues the college developed and pulled in popular researchers and understudies. Toward the end of the nineteenth century the college was otherwise called the Prinzenuniversität (English:Princes' college), as a large number of the children of the lord of Prussia examined here. In 1900 the college had 68 seats, 23 assistant seats, two privileged educators, 57 Privatdozenten and six instructors. Since 1896 ladies were permitted to go to classes as visitor inspectors at colleges in Prussia. In 1908 the University of Bonn got to be completely coeducational. The development of the college stopped with World War I. Monetary and financial issues in Germany in the outcome of the war brought about decreased government financing for the college. The University of Bonn reacted by attempting to discover private and mechanical backers. In 1930 the college received another constitution. Surprisingly understudies were permitted to partake in the regulating toward oneself college organization. To that impact the understudy gathering Astag (German: Allgemeine Studentische Arbeitsgemeinschaft) was established in that year. Individuals from the understudy committee were chosen in a mystery poll. After the Nazi takeover of force in 1933 the Gleichschaltung changed the college into a Nazi instructive foundation. As indicated by the Führerprinzip the self-ruling and governening toward oneself organization of the college was supplanted by a chain of importance of pioneers looking like the military, with the college president being subordinate to the service of instruction. Jewish educators and understudies and political rivals were shunned and removed from the college. The scholar Karl Barth was compelled to leave and to emigrate to Switzerland for declining to make a solemn vow to Hitler. The Jewish mathematician Felix Hausdorff was removed from the college in 1935 and submitted suicide in the wake of finding out about his looming extradition to an inhumane imprisonment in 1942. The rationalists Paul Ludwig Landsberg and Johannes Maria Verweyen were expelled and kicked the bucket in death camps. In 1937 Thomas Mann was denied of his privileged doctorate. His privileged degree was restored in 1946. Amid the second World War the college endured substantial harm. An air attack on 18 October 1944 wrecked the principle building. The college was re-opened on 17 November 1945 as one of the first in the British occupation zone. The principal college president was Heinrich Matthias Konen, who was removed from the college in 1934 in light of his resistance to Nazism. Toward the begin of the first semester on 17 November 1945 the college had more than 10,000 candidates for just 2,500 spots. The college enormously extended in the post bellum period, specifically in the 1960s and 1970s. Huge occasions of the post bellum period were the migration of the college clinic from the downtown area to the Venusberg in 1949, the opening of the new college library in 1960 and the opening of another building, the Juridicum, for the School of Law and Economics in 1967. In 1980 the Pedagogigal University Bonn was fused into the University of Bonn, albeit in the long run all the instructors instruction projects were shut in 2007. In 1983 the new science library was opened. In 1989 Wolfgang Paul was honored the Nobel Prize in Physics. After three years Reinhard Selten was granted the Nobel Prize in Economics. The choice of the German government to move the capital from Bonn to Berlin after the reunification in 1991 brought about liberal pay for the city of Bonn. The pay bundle incorporated three new research foundations partnered or nearly teaming up with the college, accordingly altogether upgrading the exploration profile of the University of Bonn. In the 2000s the college executed the Bologna handle and supplanted the customary Diplom and Magister projects with Bachelor and Master projects. This methodology was finished by 2007. The University of Bonn has 27,800 understudies, and 3,800 of these are global understudies. Every year around 3,000 college understudies graduate. The college likewise presents around 800 Ph.D.s and around 60 habilitations. More than 90 projects in all fields are advertised. Solid fields as distinguished by the college are arithmetic, material science, law, financial matters, neuroscience, medicinal hereditary qualities, compound science, agribusiness, Asian and Oriental studies and Philosophy and Ethics. The college has a standing workforce of more than 500 educators, a scholastic staff of 2,100 and a help staff of 1,500. The yearly plan was more than 300 million Euros in 2006.

Academics

The University of Bonn has 27,800 students, and 3,800 of these are international students. Each year about 3,000 undergraduate students graduate. The university also confers about 800 Ph.D.s and about 60 habilitations. More than 90 programs in all fields are offered. Strong fields as identified by the university are mathematics, physics, law, economics, neuroscience, medical genetics, chemical biology, agriculture, Asian and Oriental studies and Philosophy and Ethics. The university has a standing faculty of more than 500 professors, an academic staff of 2,100 and a support staff of 1,500. The annual budget was more than 300 million Euros in 2006.

Schools

From the foundation in 1818 to 1928 the University of Bonn had five schools, that is, the School of Catholic Theology, the School of Protestant Theology, the School of Law and the School of Arts and Science. In 1928 the School of Law and the Department of Economics, that until then was part of the School of Arts and Science, merged into the new School of Law and Economics. In 1934 the until then independent Agricultural University Bonn-Poppelsdorf (German: Landwirtschaftliche Hochschule Bonn-Poppelsdorf) was merged into the University of Bonn as the School of Agricultural Science. In 1936 the science departments were separated from the School of Arts and Science. Today the university is divided into seven schools:

1. School of Catholic Theology (German: 'Katholisch-Theologische Fakultät')
2. School of Protestant Theology (German: 'Evangelisch-Theologische Fakultät')
3. School of Law and Economics (German: 'Rechts- und Staatswissenschaftliche Fakultät')
4. School of Medicine (German: 'Medizinische Fakultät')
5. School of Humanities (German: 'Philosophische Fakultät')
6. School of Mathematics and Science (German: 'Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät')
7. School of Agricultural Science (German: 'Landwirtschaftliche Fakultät')

Campus

The University of Bonn does not have a centralized campus. The main building is the Kurfürstliches Schloss, the former residential palace of the prince-elector of Cologne in the city center. The main building was built by Enrico Zuccalli for the prince-elector of Cologne, Joseph Clemens of Bavaria from 1697–1705. Today it houses the faculty of humanities and theology and the university administration. The Hofgarten, a large park in front of the main building is a popular place for students to meet, study and relax. The Hofgarten was repeatedly the place for political demonstrations as for example the demonstration against the NATO Double-Track Decision on 22 October 1981 with about 250,000 participants.

The school of law and economics, the main university library and several smaller departments are housed in modern buildings a short distance south of the main building. The department of psychology and the department of computer science are located in a northern suburb of Bonn.

The science departments and the main science library are located in Poppelsdorf and Endenich, west of the city center, and housed in a mix of historical and modern buildings. Notable is the Poppelsdorf Palace (German: Poppelsdorfer Schloss), which was built from 1715 to 1753 by Robert de Cotte for Joseph Clemens of Bavaria and his successor Clemens August of Bavaria. Today the Poppelsdorf Palace houses the university's mineral collection and several science departments; its grounds are the university's botanical garden (the Botanische Gärten der Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn).

The school of medicine is located on the Venusberg, a hill on the western edge of Bonn. Several residence halls are scattered across the city. In total the University of Bonn owns 371 buildings.

Research

University of Bonn researchers made fundamental contributions in the sciences and the humanities. In physics researchers developed the quadrupole ion trap and the Geissler tube, discovered radio waves, were instrumental in describing cathode rays and developed the variable star designation. In chemistry researchers made significant contributions to the understanding of alicyclic compounds and Benzene. In material science researchers have been instrumental in describing the lotus effect. In mathematics University of Bonn faculty made fundamental contributions to modern topology and algebraic geometry. The Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch theorem, Lipschitz continuity, the Petri net, the Schönhage–Strassen algorithm, Faltings' theorem and the Toeplitz matrix are all named after University of Bonn mathematicians. University of Bonn economists made fundamental contributions to game theory and experimental economics. Famous thinkers that were faculty at the University of Bonn include the poet August Wilhelm Schlegel, the historian Barthold Georg Niebuhr, the theologians Karl Barth and Joseph Ratzinger and the poet Ernst Moritz Arndt.

The university has nine collaborative research centres and five research units funded by the German Science Foundation and attracts more than 75 million Euros in external research funding annually.

The Excellence Initiative of the German government in 2006 resulted in the foundation of the Hausdorff Center for Mathematics as one of the seventeen national Clusters of Excellence that were part of the initiative and the expansion of the already existing Bonn Graduate School of Economics (BGSE). The Excellence Initiative also resulted in the founding of the Bonn-Cologne Graduate School of Physics and Astronomy (a honors Masters and PhD program, jointly with the University of Cologne). Bethe Center for Theoretical Physics was founded in the November 2008, to foster closer interaction between mathematicians and theoretical physicists at Bonn. The center also arranges for regular visitors and seminars (on topics including String theory, Nuclear physics, Condensed matter etc.).